The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. ^ A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words.In Tokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed, meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded. ^, romanized u, exhibits varying degrees of rounding depending on dialect.
These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such as NHK (2016) or Kindaichi & Akinaga (2014), if the word being transcribed appears in it. Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, however, usually whichever is accented or, if neither is, the second remains voiced ( Fujimoto 2015:189), so transcribe them accordingly. When the second consonant is, or, or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur ( Fujimoto 2015), so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). ^ a b Close vowels become voiceless when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. Break phew down into sounds: FYOO - say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them.is a conventional notation undefined for the exact place of articulation ( Vance 2008:97). ^ The syllable-final n ( moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind of nasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel ( ) or fricative ( ).^ is phonetically a bilabial approximant, but it is traditionally described as a velar or labialized velar approximant and transcribed with ⟨ w⟩ or ⟨ ɰ⟩ ( Maekawa 2020).However, an alternative transcription has yet to be established, so ⟨ ɴ⟩ is used. ^ The utterance-final nasal is traditionally described as uvular, but instrumental studies have found that this is inaccurate and the actual realization varies ( Maekawa 2021).^ a b A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial / ɡ/ as ( Vance 2008:214), but /ɡ/ is always represented by in this system.^ a b c d When an affricate consonant is geminated, only the closure component of it is repeated:, ,.Actual realizations of these sounds vary (see Yotsugana). ^ a b c d Voiced fricatives are generally pronounced as affricates in word-initial positions and after the moraic nasal /N/ ( before and before ) or the sokuon /Q/ (spelled ッ, only in loanwords).ˈ m ær i/ ( marry), / m ə ˈ r iː/ ( Marie) See Japanese phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.Įxamples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to the Hepburn romanization system. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Japanese language and Okinawan pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Japanese
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